SPORTS AND DISABILITIES
Sports injuries are an issue that directly concerns the physician. Therefore, you will find only some statistics and basic information and definitions in this section. It should not be forgotten that in case of a sports injury or disability, the first thing to do is to consult a specialist.1-What is sports injury?
Sports injuries are the collective name for all kinds of damage that occur during sports activities in general. According to Groh, there is roughly one major accident per 40 people doing sports, one disability per 4000 and one death per 40,000 people. According to sports branches, football comes first with 10%, followed by wrestling with 6%, handball and boxing with 3%, followed by 1% in athletics and 0.5% in skiing.
2-What are the causes of sports injuries?
We can gather the reasons of sports injuries in two main groups. These are internal (personal) and external (environmental) causes. Personal reasons: Physical deficiencies, physical fitness ‘aerobic endurance, strength, speed, skill, agility), psychological factors‘ concentration, acceptance of risk), physical structure ‘height, weight, joint stability, percentage of body fat tissue), age, gender. Environmental reasons: Type of sport, duration of sportive activity, structure of the event, role of opponent and teammates, ground condition, light, safety precautions. , enough distance to slow down, materials, climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, wind) coach, match management ‘enforcement of rules and referees rules).
3-What is the severity of sports injuries?
To understand the severity of a sports injury, it is necessary to evaluate six basic facts. These facts; Nature of sports injuries, treatment method and duration, time away from sports, working days lost, permanent damage, cost. Here, the severity of a sports injury is understood as a result of considering and evaluating these cases one by one.
4-What are the general rules in preventing sports injuries?
First of all, the first thing to do is periodic health checks of the athletes. With these controls, the current situation of the athlete at the beginning of the season is revealed. The deficiencies are determined and the necessary measures are taken within the framework of the physician's recommendation. The deficiencies identified at this point are both physiological parameters, physical fitness, and direct health-related deficiencies. One of the most important factors in the occurrence of sports injuries is insufficient warming. Therefore, great importance should be given to warm-up, especially stretch-stretching exercises. Here, it is also important to cool down after physical activity. It is also important to cool down after every activity. After each activity, cooling exercises should be done.
5-What is muscle fatigue?
It also occurs 1-2 days after heavy and unaccustomed muscle contractions in non- training athletes. At the same time, it is acute (short-term) muscle pain seen in athletes after heavy sports competitions. The muscles in question are painful, sometimes swollen and stiff during each movement attempt and touch. It is called "rawness" among athletes. Various hypotheses have been proposed regarding muscle fatigue. Some of these are:
a. Metabolism disorder hypothesis: Accumulation of lactic acid (milk acid) and other acidic metabolism residues.
b. Inflammation hypothesis: Aseptic, acidosis-related inflammation.
c. Muscle stiffness hypothesis: Excessive stiffness of the muscle.
D. Mechanical damage hypothesis: muscle strain, muscle strain.
It has been observed that muscle fatigue occurs especially in muscles that do negative work (braking).
6-How to overcome muscle fatigue?
It is known that muscle fatigue passes within 3-4 days with pure rest without any treatment and the pains are relieved. As general accelerating measures in this regard, the following can be suggested:
¬ Sauna
¬ Swimming pool (26-28 C *)
¬ Warm wet compresses on the muscles
¬ Massage
¬ Antiphlogistic drugs (such as voltaren, tilcotil)
7- What is Strain?
There is always a reversible functional muscle injury in muscle strain. At this point, there is a situation where muscle elasticity reaches its limit during sudden eccentric (the length of the muscle is extended) muscle activity, but this limit is not exceeded. At the point where this limit is exceeded, it is no longer possible to talk about muscle strain, then muscle strain or partial muscle rupture is mentioned. Muscle strain occurs parallel to the muscle fibers. In particular, it encounters the muscle-tendon junction areas.
8-What is muscle strain?
Several or many muscle fibers are anatomically damaged here. In muscle strain, the frequency and elasticity of the muscle fibers are strained. Connective tissue and individual muscle fibers rupture. The continuity of the muscle is preserved.
9-What is a partial muscle tear?
Here, the muscle fiber bundle is severely damaged. When a partial muscle tears, there is shrinkage of the muscle fibers in place. Partial muscle tear occurs during maximum contraction. The factor that stimulates this is movement incompatibility, which occurs with the sudden change in tension of individual muscle fibers. This change occurs as a result of two factors:
¬ Strong resistance.
¬ Contraction of opposite muscles
10-What is muscle rupture?
In muscle tearing, there is a muscle loss that can be felt by hand and can be seen by the eye. Muscle rupture occurs suddenly and is accompanied by severe pain in the related muscle groups. There are two reasons for muscle rupture:
a. Movement incoordination in maximal contraction.
b. The sudden movement of the contracted muscle against severe resistance.
11-What are the factors that predispose to muscle tears?
These factors can be grouped under four main headings. These headings are as follows:
a. Cold and insufficient blood supply of the muscles (insufficient heating).
b. Local and general fatigue.
c. Insufficient training level.
D. Insufficient preparation before the competition
12-What is Myositis ossificans (Muscle ossification)?
Muscle ossification is one of the undesirable consequences of occult muscle injuries: Here, a bone-like structure occurs within the muscle as a result of a muscle injury that is not fully treated for various reasons. In short, it is a common complication of poorly treated contusion and hematoma. This means that the muscle may cause pain and dysfunction in the joint to which it belongs.
13-Why does muscle ossification occur?
Muscle ossification occurs for the following reasons:
a. Do not undertake a muscle injury that is not fully healed.
b. Local use of drugs to prevent scarring at that time.
c. Massage that may cause muscle strain and bleeding, wrong massage.
14-Where is muscle ossification usually seen?
Muscle ossification is generally seen in athletes M. Quadriceps femoris (quad- headed thigh muscle) and hip adductors (inward closure of the leg).
15-What is a joint mouse?
The articular rat is when a piece of cartilage breaks off for some reason and moves inside the joint. Ultimately, this formation impairs joint functions. 16-What is the role of massage in sports injuries? Massage plays a role in preventing athletic muscle injuries and treating the injury. The massage prepares the muscles for maximum work and protects them from muscle injuries. In addition, it helps to remove the fatigue substances that occur after training or competition from muscle cells more quickly. Physiological effects of massage are as follows:
a. Regulates blood and lymph circulation: Here, through the reflex, arterioles and capillaries
It plays an active role by ensuring its expansion. It also functions mechanically by helping the veins to drain.
b. It makes the athlete feel better subjectively by stimulating and calming.
17-When should cold treatment be done?
Cold therapy is one of the main treatment methods used in the treatment of sports injuries. Cold therapy should be done within the first 48-72 hours after the injury.
18-What is the benefit of cold therapy?
With cold application, blood flow decreases in the injured area. Hence, bleeding is reduced. After all sports injuries or injuries, cold therapy should be applied until the signs of swelling and bleeding disappear.
19-How should cold treatment be done?
Cold application can be applied with ice packs every 2 hours, provided that it does not exceed 20 minutes. The total application time in a day should not exceed 2 hours. If the cold treatment is done with deep-frozen gels, 13-14 minutes is sufficient instead of 20 minutes. In the cold area, the skin should be protected from direct contact.
20-What is the importance of bandaging?
Instability (loss of stability) in the joint is a preliminary factor for sports injury. The bandage protects the joint against movements that may be beyond the physiological mobility limits, especially in unstable joints.
21-What is contusion?
It is the excessive crushing of tissues under the skin in the face of a direct trauma. The blood in the capillary vessels collects under the skin and creates a swelling.
22-What is a hematoma?
It consists of collecting the blood coming out of the capillaries with the intensity of the trauma (impact) in a certain area between the soft parts.
23-What is a fracture (fracture)?
Disruption of the anatomical integrity of the bone due to trauma (impact) and other reasons is called a fracture. Discontinuity of the bone can be a simple fracture, a large split, or multiple pieces.
24-Why does fracture occur?
Generally, fractures are either caused by trauma (impact) or caused by pathological (disease) reasons. Here, in the formation of fractures based on trauma (impact), the intensity of the forces affecting the bone externally and internally, the direction of the trauma (impact) and the duration of the impact determine the condition of the fracture. The forces that cause fracture to occur can be repulsive, attractive, compressive or shear forces. In addition, the deterioration of tissue resistance due to illness, fatigue or old age causes fractures in the bones.
25-What is Fissure (Crack)?
Crack is essentially a type of fracture. Here, in the crack, the continuity of the bone is disrupted by only one crack.
26-What is Distortion (Buckling)?
A sprain is a joint strain. There are three types of sprains. In the first degree sprain, the joint was slightly strained. In the second degree sprain, some ruptures have occurred in the joint ligaments. In the third degree sprain, the ties are completely broken.